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Understanding China's Kishore Mahbubani.

"China now is like a dragon that, waking up after a century-hibernation, one realizes that many nations have taken advantage of him during his absence." Thus in his essay says Kishore Mahbubani. With all that has happened over the last two hundred years, China could be forgiven if he had decided to awaken a little angry as a nation. Yet, says the author, the country has chosen the path of dialogue and cooperation. Not only because of its obvious weakness, but also for having embraced the vision proposed by the U.S. post WW2 prosperity of nations that no longer needs to be pursued at guns but comparing the arena of markets and trade.
And the U.S. should first of all, Mahbubani writes, celebrate and support the progress of China. Since this ensures adherence to the vision of the world and North American non-confrontational away any possibility of armed conflict with an emerging power. Yet the U.S. government seems to differently oriented. If by China can not disturb the political stability of the United States, it is absolutely true. Hence the great importance of these signals from the Chinese government.
Unfortunately, according to the author, the current U.S. foreign policy towards China is totally lacking in consistency and is increasingly perceived as directed at curbing the country's development.
If signals today from Washington to Beijing are so inconsistent, we must not forget that the present China's development is closely linked to the support and interdependence with the United States that have opened their borders and have promoted its admission to the WTO.
One of the major causes of misunderstanding between the two countries seems to be the different cultural and historical perspective with which they set their relations. If the government feels the economic development of Beijing today as the end of a Centuries of turmoil, humiliation, chaos and the beginning of a new era of stability and prosperity, Washington seems convinced that the present Chinese government is only a temporary ruin of ' Communist era destined to disappear as soon as possible in favor of a democratic government.
The collapse of communism in the former Soviet Union has severely undermined Beijing for the resulting chaos, reinforcing the perception that the Chinese Communist Party is necessary and critical to maintain order and prevent a relapse into chaos.
The United're on the other hand consider that a quick transition to democracy and trying to "plant seeds" in China in every way possible.
the Washington government in the author escapes the mutation that the Communist Party has suffered in recent years, reinventing itself and investing more and more young people and economic development. While vast areas of poverty still hold the country, rampant corruption and human rights are often trampled vastly in China, it is also true that the Communist Party was able to transform the economy in economy free market, launching the country towards capitalism and stem the chaos that reigned in favor of greater stability and openness.
course to that of Mahbubani China should move toward democracy in the long term, but for now the role of the Communist Party remains critical to ensuring stability and cohesion. Unfortunately, the author says the U.S. does not share this perception and help to undermine the stability of any force supporting dissident inside.
The support for the Dalai Lama, student dissidents and the use of separatist forces in Taiwan are just some of the actions taken by Washington to destabilize and create pressure the government in Beijing. Particularly acute, the Taiwan question could often lead to armed conflict because of the profile of Conduct made by the USA.
This fact is often the source of deep distress for which Beijing sees Taiwan as central to limit the sense of humiliation of the population for the repeated defeats in the previous century and is clearly willing to armed repression of any separatist attempts.
If the United States are able to undermine the Beijing government, the support of the latter often at international level can be critical.
extension obstruction by a strong invasion Iraq and the pressure on North Korea to avoid unnecessary conflicts are just some of the possible examples according to the researcher.
Greater cooperation between the two countries would therefore be desirable for the mutual benefit and in order to increase stability in the world.
The terrorist attacks of September 2001 have helped to temporarily divert American attention from China, but now seem to friction included.
The revaluation of the Yuan, the issue of Chinese textile exports, the nuclear programs of North Korea and Iran, the purchase of oil from Sudan and the attempt to climb Unocal, the U.S. company for oil, are seen as discrete and independent events from the U.S. and other elements as linked and interdependent from Beijing.
For this reason, the author argues, the Chinese government feels obliged to exploit every single advantage over Washington.
For its part the U.S. government now has the power to support the development of China in respect of channeling and directing their own pace toward democratic forms of government. One step could be the country's integration in the G-8 and parallel to its involvement in conflict resolution within the Islamic world.

BY Imanuel Baharier

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Mangement = handle?





What has to do with the management training of horses? According
D. Wayne Lukas a lot, since the word itself. The term management comes in fact from Italian, the words "handle", "horse" just like that of horses.
Etymologies aside, Lukas-now considered the best horse trainer in North America, thanks to his "management", he managed to win all the prizes in many competitions as possible and not Americans. With its $ 250 million is the trainer who has won more in the USA.

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What's the secret of the success of this man, as the strategy? How can continually grow the winners?
Lukas starts from the beginning.
Find talent by young people (even when others appear lazy and pitchers) and turns them into real competition horses.
selection and vision, these are the keywords. Chose the horse, work on developing its potential while meeting their needs. To do so, a good trainer must determine what the person does best and what we can do better. A precise observation is crucial in this phase. You must consider the little things (for example, whether the horse is more inclined to the sprinter, middle distance or if you prefer) each horse has its own peculiarities and what's good for one, is not that fit for each other.
Observe means to catch every detail. See if the horse loses a few pounds, or if you have a deficiency or an excess of energy, everything is noted to be able to schedule the next training.
Training horses is a long and not easy. Difficult. The horses are very delicate and sensitive and you need to encourage them not to give evidence even if they lose or no longer have the enthusiasm to participate and compete. The trainer should never give up, especially if they do not respond immediately to given stimulus. According to Lukas
the horse should be put in an environment that appears appropriate. There is an old saying in the industry of thoroughbreds, "you're the best and you feel the horse with the worst." This means that the trainer on his part must always try to carry a great team and while the horse to compete with the less talented than he. That make it competitive.

Who are the customers of Lukas?

It is very interesting also from Lukas understand what kind of person might be interested to 'purchase of horses, their training and then have them compete.
Most of his customers are wealthy people, CEO retired or people who have founded a company and then they sold, but the most common is the ability to make decisions and love to competitiveness. These are people who made the purchase, always wishing to be involved in decisions which relate to the training. Sometimes this type of "involvement" can lead to many conflicts with the client. As mentioned before, to race the best horse must feel at ease. From here quite a few threads where Lukas believes competition is not suitable for the horse and the client wishes to compete instead of this.

What is the business model a trainer of horses?

The gain is set as a percentage of the winnings of the horse. If this does not win, you never will. The training often makes a lot of stallions and is considered a rich source of revenue. The great success of
Lukas is tied to having been able to change the rules of the game. While the trend was to compete only in the most prestigious competitions (ie those of Santa Anita, Saratoga and Belmon), Lukas realized that so many owners for the costs were prohibitive. He then managed to bring their horses all over the world to be competing, so satisfying all its customers.
Lukas is also a great worker. Simply, it works 365 days a year, 18 hours a day.
It is surrounded by people who follow this rhythm. It is considered a tough boss. According to her, however, is hard when all you need. Spares neither the compliments to the employees when they do a good job or remuneration.
Its staff includes about 87 employees. 5 of them work closely with him, contacting him every day several times a day. Their work begins with an initial ratio of 4:00 and 5:00 am, a second between 11:00 and 13:00 and the last before going to bed!
Lukas gives its employees five minutes a day of democracy where they have the ability to speak "freely".
When you pick up a problem it is necessary that a solution is the same proposal.
The Boss has the last word, but the staff are always invited to contradict him and question him about his choices.

BY Imanuel Baharier

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HBR on Management and Making Children


Robert Coles, child psychiatrist is famous counter. His is a voice from the pack optimistic about the future of children today. The psychiatrist is particularly concerned with the children of today's managers.
Contrary to commonly held, Coles believes children today have an extraordinary ability to adapt and genuine innocence.
Although differing depending on the background and experience, most children speak little of the work of their parents except for the difficulties and unemployment. While this reflects a sense of which had characterized the younger generation, on the other they seem to express themselves more and more serious considerations and concerns about their country, its development and what this could mean for their future.
In the book which earned him the Pulitzer Prize "Children of Crises," the psychiatrist describes, among other children of the privileged classes. These tend to give so much for granted and feel entitled to many of the amenities that life offers them. This strong sense of the door in some cases due to the occurrence of pathological behaviors. It is when the comforts, privileges, properties, exceeding the management capacity of the children, who thus lose interest and contact with the world around them, who had not the sense of pathological narcissistic and thus instead becomes insulating.
is the extreme concentration on oneself, which is also reflected in sovrapresenza curiously mirrors in their homes, which features the children of the wealthier classes. These are not immune to the problems of ordinary mortals, as may be the sense of abandonment: they are often relied on nannies and babysitters who periodically leave the worker leaves to other carers. Same goes for concern, disease and general threats of any kind and nature which may with that of this and all the children suddenly and dramatically transform their reality.
The frequent movement of families of senior managers subject their children to more stress, strongly stimulates their sense of insecurity. According to Coles, the absence of parents in career hits at home but at the same time enriching the children. While these feel more homesick for mom and dad, other family in sharing experiences on the job helps to expand the horizons of the children.
The deep emotional pressure (excel always) on the privileged children can certainly be mitigated by strong religious and moral values \u200b\u200band a genuine curiosity that allow children to develop the ability to seize the opportunities that fate will be presented to them. These, combined with anger and hope, will allow children to adapt to changing situations. And we adults, managers and parents are asked to pay only after all ears to learn to listen to what children have to say and teach.

BY Imanuel Baharier

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Opposition to Destroy




Dripping pain for the innocent blood spilled by the hands of a murderous and destructive Jerushalaim, I want to remember and bring to light the differences between those who seek to build and those who work to destroy. Destroy lives, friends, society, families.
I firmly believe in the existence of a moral duty that requires the support of those who seek to build and that requires detachment from those who invest equally in the destruction and terror.
This duty requires the brand as nonsense equivicinanza and similar approaches, based on moral relativism and ethical sull'oscurantismo.

routes back in 2005 published this Business my piece of the Erez industrial area. My conclusions were optimistic at the time and the reality of the past two years I have bitterly denied.
Equally valid I think the considerations and the lessons Erez gives to us all and then I want to repeat the article on stimulation of deep and honest reflection.

Factories border in an area of \u200b\u200bwar

Erez is the name of an industrial area resort.
This is a small cluster that extends a few kilometers north of the Gaza Strip, near the border with the State of Israel, in the midst of battles.
Erez was, until a few months ago, an excellent model of cooperation between peoples. An oasis of peace in the bloody conflict involving Israel and the Palestinian people for many years.
For decades Erez has fascinated and attracted foreign ministers and delegations.
industries and factories, in part trasferitesi from the State of Israel, partly originating in the Gaza Strip, or born on the spot, have contributed to the development of the region by promoting, at the same time, the flowering of peace with the Palestinian population, despite the war.
the Erez industrial zone of about 5000 employees are employed Palestinians who contribute their salaries to maintain their families, more than 30000 people living in the Gaza Strip.
About half of the more than 200 companies in the area are of Palestinian property, the other half, are part of mixed ownership and the rest of Israeli-owned.
Last year, the companies have revenues of Erez between 150 and 200 million dollars.

1. the two dimensions of Erez

The idea of \u200b\u200bcontributing to the creation of an industrial zone on the Gaza Strip was carried out by Moshe Dayan in the seventies of last century. At the time the reasons were quite pragmatic, strongly linked to economic cycles. It was in fact making use of Palestinian labor at lower cost than the local labor market, without the burden of having to accept non-EU workers in the State of Israel.
Palestinian employees of companies Erez would in fact have played a regular life, returning daily to their homes in Gaza.
Clearly the cost of this labor was already higher than the then foreign labor markets, but the cost benefits, however, seemed to justify their choice.
At the root of this choice there were also reasons beyond the economic sphere. Erez is also born as an attempt to beautify a border area, wounded and sore, which has been created within the State of Israel.
Over the years, the experience of Erez came gradually, confirming that the development of a particular economic structure would be able to generate positive effects on inter-ethnic social fabric, even in a climate of hatred caused by war endemic .
With substantial government incentives, many Israeli companies, mostly belonging to traditional sectors, such as the textile, metallurgical, construction etc.., Moved north in the maturity of the Gaza Strip and began to use workers and later Palestinian leaders.
In fact it was to create a sort of magical equilibrium. The wages of Palestinian workers amounted to less than half those of their Israel (Erez in wages today are between 62 and 150 nis (a nis, is a. ..) against 154.42 daily in Israel). Yet, given the low cost of living in the Gaza Strip, Palestinian wages if the workers a decent standard of living, sometimes higher than that of their fellow Israelis live in the State of Israel.
What initially presented in part as a simple exploitation of cheap labor, it was however revealed over time, the source of social tension in the exchange across multiple dimensions, beyond the purely economic sphere of speculation, looking for an ethical balance overall.
Erez appears at the end, as the break in the economic context of two dimensions, at first the aesthetic, as a simple attempt to beautify a frontier in the social wounds of war, then that ethic, such as meeting space and exchange between peoples.
The dividing line, from closed door and an obstacle to relations between the contenders, becomes the creation of Erez openness to dialogue and cooperation. Erez, in contrast to the concept of no man's land, is proposed as a land of all, as a space open to cooperation for the construction.
Born in a war zone between the attacks and military operations, this industry very quickly turns into ethical balance of trade between nations. With the transfer of knowledge and technology, cultural exchange and finally to economic dictated by the proximity and openness, Erez contribute dynamically to the creation of new balances and opening new possibilities of relationship between Israel and the Palestinians.
This unfortunately until the advent of Palestinian terrorism in Erez: the murder of more than 11 Israeli civilians within the industrial area has in fact led the Israeli Minister of Industry and Labor Ehud Olmert to demand the closure to coincide with the withdrawal of Israeli troops from the Gaza Strip.

2. Arab entrepreneurs in israel

One of the biggest problems entrepreneurs second Palestinian Izhak Schnell and Michael Sofer (2002) is the lack of complementing it with the socio-political environment.
According to the authors, Arab industry in Israel can be seen as a special case of peripheral industry. It is actually located in what are perceived as the national peripheries. He specializes in more traditional sectors, is heavily dependent on the local market and is in a condition of subordination within the national economy.
Nevertheless, the Arab industrial entrepreneurship has shown great vitality over the years, often exceeding the economic and political barriers and making it road on the Israeli market.
In Israel, about half of Arabs is successful entrepreneurs, according to a study by Schnell, Benenson and Sofer (1999), to penetrate critical markets for the Israeli economy. However, few have succeeded in transforming their networks of social ties in competitive elements. According to Curran
and Balckburn (1994), one of the key elements in the study of local economic development is the level of integration of entrepreneurship in the social and political fabric.
In this regard, the Arab minority in Israel clashes with an added difficulty with respect to entrepreneurship nationally. It has to refer simultaneously to two different socio-political spheres: the intra and inter ethnic one.
Entrepreneurs Arab Israeli capitalist economy must simultaneously deal without denying the local socio-economic system. This dual need is often a source of dangerous and crippling dichotomies.
Over the past 50 years, the Israeli Arab entrepreneurs relied mainly
on three mechanisms to promote their restructuring: the relationship between majority and minorities, the dynamics between center and periphery within the State of Israel and ultimately the different economic policies in Israel.
In this way he developed an entrepreneurial style, specializing mostly in the food, textile and construction, but rarely managed to penetrate the more privileged sectors of the economy.
Arab industry consists mainly of small and medium-sized family firms with an average of 15 employees, often female. Its presence in Israel is deeply territorial. About two-thirds of manufacturing facilities are located in residential areas to the ethnic Arab majority, often in apartments, however, in areas lacking infrastructure.
According to data collected by the National Institute for Statistics (CBS - Central Bureau of Statistics, the equivalent of our ISTAT) in 1992, the Arab-owned businesses accounted for in the early nineties almost 6 percent of the total Israeli companies with more than 5 employees.
A very significant percentage that shows the viability of quest'imprenditoria, despite
the difficulties in which it operates.

3. erez Arab entrepreneurship

As mentioned in the previous paragraph, a major problem for the Arab entrepreneurship in Israel continues to be the difficult balance between intra and inter ethnic integration.
of the issues arising from this dichotomy is closely related to the geographical location of firms.
This business is severely hampered by its location.
As the industry strongly territorial, it tends to strengthen the intra-ethnic integration at the expense of the inter-ethnic. On the one hand links with the social reality of the settlement of origin are essential for the creation of the company, for the accumulation of capital needed and the workforce. Second, these same ties to be a powerful brake on the growth and integration with the Israeli economy.
Erez, by his presence, has set itself for years as the ideal solution to this problema.Non in case more than half of area businesses are still owned by Arabs. It is in fact the most effective way to maintain a balance between the need to maintain strong links with the local social fabric and the enthusiasm to new economies and borders on the Israeli market.
Erez, making full use of existing infrastructure, contributes to the creation of knowledge networks and links with the Israeli economy and promote the exchange of knowledge. All this without the Arab entrepreneurs must give up their local membership.
In its aesthetic value of land border, in the ethical sphere of dialogue between the two ethnic groups with different potentials, the Erez industrial zone for decades has allowed the coordination of the three main Palestinian dimensions of entrepreneurship: the complexity and intensity of networks of ties, relations of power between the Israeli society and the local expansion the horizons of his own conscience business.
Wealth, material well, this experience is a direct consequence of the initial tension aesthetic and economic, then transformed into opportunities for ethical trade and human social relationships enabled.

4. aesthetics and management

The aesthetic seems to involve the business community Erez including individual, or in the management style of local business leaders.
In this regard, John Dobson outlines in his essay Three Business Contexts: From Ethics to Aesthetics Technical-three management styles post-modern. Dobson to the way business is done mostly reflects the surrounding culture, and he identifies three primary cultural contexts that are declined in three styles of management and well defined.
According to the author, there are fully compliant to the ontology of the financial manager. They serve in a consistent and rational maximizing their material wealth. They embody the homo economicus for excellence and derive their management style from that universe cultural Dobson defined as technical universities.
Then there are leaders who are also pursuing its objectives in a consistent and rational, just as the manager technicians. But they did not aim only to personal and work instead in the light of certain moral principles that guide their actions. For example, can point to the maximization of social welfare, or those who are most disadvantaged in society. Final act in a logical and rational, such as technical managers belonging to the universe. Yet, as befitting a certain ethical and moral principles, their actions are not always in line with the economic and financial theories. The cultural universe that affects this type of leadership is defined by the author as moral universe.
Finally, there is a third category of leader. These are managers who operate in a cultural universe extremely unpredictable and relatively unknown today. This management style does not fit a rational and scientific management principles. Whilst acknowledging the need to create wealth and pursue ethical and moral, it denies that this type of rational reasons could be the ultimate end of their enterprises.
is a style attributed to leaders who defines beauty Dobson, that men and women who do not pursue a real goal, but they perceive their world as fundamentally chaotic and unpredictable, where the laws of logic and rational thought are are tight. These managers seek to bring aesthetic harmony and balance as a condition in what they perceive as a chaotic environment and difficult to manage. Seems to be precisely those entrepreneurs Erez.
Trapped in a brutal and senseless conflict, at the mercy of an economy are often paradoxical and difficult to understand, trying to make sense to organize the chaos.
in this enterprise are accompanied by a deep ethical concern: how should be the man for himself and how he should mold the reality because it is better for everyone. At the same time, these men know that not everything can be reached only by applying default logic and trying to impose their ideas rational, but are convinced that their mission also falls into the categories of aesthetics.
Their actions are driven alternately by the courage, the economic laws, by virtue of compassion, the perception of beauty and the sublime.
The impression is that these captains of industry pursuing a mirage, guided by a vision in which the right and the good match.
entrepreneurs Erez act with modesty and sobriety. They ask only to be able to continue their daily work, already hampered by terrorist attacks and the constraints of security measures which all too often shut down and their workers over the border.
In an appearance on the weekly Israeli La-isha (2004), Rachel Ohanna, 46, married with three children 14, 21 and 25 years, owns a small textile factory for 15 years to Ashkelon on the Mediterranean, recounts how he decided to move into the Erez industrial zone just three years ago.
This decision was originally dictated only by economic reasons as the cost of the work was to be reduced by 50 percent.
Rachel was able to quickly create a cohesive and competitive team of employees with which the company was soon able to meet the needs of major clients of international fashion.
Interview reflected the love of Rachel for their employees and pride for what, by the transfer to Erez, now feels like its own creature.
Rachel still speaks of a sense of security despite the war and despite the terrorist attacks did not abandon his journey to the factory. Oozing the confidence in his employees consolidated in long days and equally long nights working together.
It also perceives the profound disillusionment of entrepreneur in Ashqelon see Erez, at the end of 2004, a target of Palestinian terrorism, thwarted the attempt of cooperation and shared construction in recent years.
Emerges between the lines of the interview, dark sense of loss that goes beyond the sorrow for a simple economic failure.
In the same article we read the interview with Viki Biton, 32, married and mother of two children of 5 and 11 years, assistant director of human resources at an establishment for the implementation of greenhouses, located too ' it into the Erez industrial zone.
Viki tells of his arrival at Erez eight and a half ago, she needed to and certainly not driven by ideological reasons.
Determined in principle to consider his move as temporary, she soon grows fond of the new work environment, people.
Viki tells his metamorfosi.Confida as in principle, for fear of the 150 Arab employees of the establishment, was running with a canister of anti-gas attack in her purse and tells how, in the space of two months, a willingness to dialogue, 'friendship, the ability to share common experiences were taken over mistrust. The confidence of fellow Arab life in Gaza, paid by the accounts of personal experiences of Viki, had contributed to mutual understanding and create a shared sense of belonging.
As for Rachel, even for Viki Palestinian terror attacks at Erez in the past month burst in like a bolt from the blue and they are to crack the climate of a company become an oasis of peace and dialogue. Viki provocatively concludes that the search for a job elsewhere is not entirely realistic and relevant, despite the custody of the whole industrial area for the terrorist attacks made with the support of the Palestinian infiltrators in the same factories in the region.
is interesting, finally, the interview with Tsippy Moldovan, 45, married, mother of two sons of 20 and 25 years, Erez administrative manager of a factory producing bulletproof corset.
Tsippy To work at Erez soon became an ideological statement. The challenge is to create the conditions that cooperation and dialogue that difficult to put down roots in reality. In your opinion, working side by side, Israelis and Palestinians, can only foster mutual understanding.
With the succession of terrorist attacks, it is given a transfer
at another plant of the same company, but refuses Tsippy.
Like his employer, Passbinder Yossi, who was stabbed during the first intifada, a Palestinian terrorist infiltrated the establishment, even Tsippy remains deeply convinced of his own work. It does not require that the rightful compensation for the risks they run in the workplace, believes that the only alternative to mutual destruction between neighbors is first in the cooperation and later in the dialogue.

5. the future hoped

cultural exchange, dialogue, knowledge transfer and technology today are the seeds of what could be the development potential of the entire Gaza Strip, particularly in the light of the imminent withdrawal of ' Israeli army. Ultimately, you realize how Erez has been much more than just a very industrial area. Although they were initially, along with low labor costs, benefits, compensation and incentives to encourage many entrepreneurs to relocate its operations in northern Gaza Strip on the border, it is equally true that, in spite of unawareness of the Israeli and Palestinian actors, the ethical dimension has gained the upper hand in this initiative, laying the foundations for a peaceful dialogue between the parties .
If Palestinian terrorism will not prevail, if the Israeli army's withdrawal from Palestinian counterpart will be used to build and not to make war and destroy the State of Israel, it is plausible to imagine the opening of the entire strip Gaza at the Erez path.
So Erez has been the laboratory for an experiment successful and replicable as such in all border areas in the throes of instability and endemic conflict.
According to the model Erez, preventive invasions, migrations, terrorism, relationships, and help distance cederebbero way to dialogue and dialectic boundaries of cooperation. With the latter, from the economic side, it would become possible to create a decentralized dialogue, on the border, as opposed to communication centric, characteristic of our times.
dialogue set as fertilization, at a later time, the centers that have originated and would therefore lead to the genesis of an alternative to war.
path center-periphery adopted at Erez is used to define a theoretical model for conflict resolution.

1. The overall picture is that of a conflict between ethnic and cultural systems more or less geographically localized.

2. This is accompanied by several events at the peripheral level exogenous friction on the border, armed warfare and terrorism.

3. The central systems are trying different solutions, among them a report by setting more or less violent, aimed to give precedence to their own perception.

4. The central systems, driven by purely opportunistic purposes (savings in production costs with regard to Erez) start in the suburbs, its borders, only superficial action, comparable to a cosmetic surgery, local time to heal scars.

5. The therapy is beneficial deeper and unexpected: the communication generated in the periphery, also by virtue of proximity, it extends to the centers. Notice and make clear the ethical consequences of the intervention.

6. Finally, the apparent primacy of the principle "work together to think" up to "think about the co-operation."

bibliography

Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Abstracts of Israel, Jerusalem, 1992.

Curran, J., Blackburn, R., 1994, Small firms and local economic networks, Paul Chapman, London
1994.

Dobson, J., Three Business Contexts: From The Technical and Moral, to the Aesthetic, «Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies», 3, 1-1998.

Mordechai, A., Hoshvot al avodà, lo al sakanà «La-Isha», 4.12.2000, pp. 90-92.

Schnell, I., Benenson, I., Sofer, M., The Spatial Pattern of Arab Industrial Markets in Israel, «Annals of the Association of American Geographers», 89, 2, 1999, pp. 311-36.

Sofer, M., Schnell, I., Unbalanced embeddedness of Ethnic Entrepreneurship The Israeli Arab Case, "International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research", 8, 1/2-2002, pp. 54-68.

BY Imanuel Baharier

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Day conclusion to be drawn to the girls and third for silver Fatima Lazhar in the 800 freestyle. Excellent time and provincial record!
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At the end of the first day of National Championships in Riccione Category Fatima Lazhar , after a sensational race, grab a stunning silver in the 400 freestyle ... the first medal for the CSR after 4 years of major investments without medals.

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Mal D'Africa? by Lilac Malah

Africa, although often absent from our television screens, home to the largest number of bloody conflicts now taking place in the world. The African continent is plagued by many wounds, some legacy of colonialism and slavery, more modern, all still lethal.
Among the many problems that the sub-Saharan is faced with, one in particular is critical for the development of the continent, though not so striking as to appear in a major illnesses and tribal conflicts. This is the best brain drain in Africa and abroad.
An increasing number of young African graduates migrate to the major industrialized countries in search of economic stability and a decent standard of living. The West, United States and Great Britain in the lead, this phenomenon promotes relentlessly making its mark on immigration and reception programs extremely "attractive" for the new African intellectuals and scientists. Rotimi Sankore
writes in his article "Africa killing us softly, "appeared in the New African November 2005, the most serious problem is that Africa can not replace the number (and growing ever more dizzying) of young graduates who leave the continent after it was heavily and with such difficulty invested in their education. The statistics are alarming: between 20% and 50% of scientists, intellectuals and typically graduates Africans living in other continents. It is therefore a real mass migration.
In Ethiopia, for example, in the last 10-15 years, 50% of young people who left the country to complete their academic studies, she has not returned home. According to the IOM (International Organization for Migration), Ethiopia has lost between 1980 and 1991 about 75% of the experts. For any economics professor living in Ethiopia, there are 100 economists Ethiopians residing in the United States.
According to a survey conducted by the Central Statistical Office in 1996, the sectors most affected by the scourge of mass emigration are: education 34%, engineering 29%, commerce 24%, 13% medical and dental schools.
The area in which the phenomenon is certainly the greatest impact in the immediate health.
The lack of medical personnel is one of the biggest obstacles to defeat and control of major diseases, first of all the AIDS, which affect the continent.
Kenya has lost 20 of its doctors a month, while Ghana has already lost 60% of its doctors.
The concern is not limited to physicians, but all personnel involved in health services. Africa, it also suffers from acute lack of nurses, pharmacists and social service personnel. The loss of nurses is increasing because of the great need for these professionals in Western countries.
In the United States today there is a gap of 126,000 nurses and the U.S. government expected for 2020 may be lacking even 800,000. Given these data, the search for qualified personnel is particularly aggressive. To attract nurses and sector from other countries-mostly African-United States offer a salary 20 times higher than that obtainable in the countries of origin.
doing so, the West can grab qualified personnel, avoiding large investments in education and training locally.
Consider, however, that Kenya, whose economic reality is abysmally different from any Western industrialized country, Americans spend $ 40.000 to educate individual doctors and between 10.000 and $ 15.000 to the U.S. four years of study of every student .
All these investments are completely lost when these young, finished the specialization, migrate, depriving the country of their own life skills.
The loss turned out to double. To cope with these huge losses, in fact, Africa is forced to spend $ 4 million Americans a year (35% of the total development of the continent) to employ some 100,000 Western experts in those areas where emigration, but also the training room, is higher.

The emigration of qualified young people from Africa is, as we have seen, greatly facilitated if not cynically provoked by the major industrialized countries.
policy of the latter is very clear: take the Africa best and leave the rest.
(inevitable result of the comparison with the slave trade, still open wound on the African continent)
Special expedited procedures for immigration and visas are granted by the high education qualification achieved. Further qualifications achieved and the possibility of entering higher in countries like the United States, Canada, Great Britain and throughout Europe.
Table 1 lists the 10 countries that have had the most number of wins a Green Card for the United States from 2000 to 2005.
As we can see, the presence of African countries in recent years has increased significantly.
In 2000 there were only three among the top 10 African states, Ghana, Nigeria and Egypt. From 2002 onwards, enter and remain in the ranks between 5 and 6 African countries, constantly occupying the top positions. The states most affected by the scourge of emigration were as follows: Ghana, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Morocco, Egypt, Kenya, Togo, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Sudan and Algeria to follow.
in England is on a points system for the graduate program of welcoming immigrants (Highly Skilled Migrant Programme), equal to the now famous U.S. Green Card Lottery.
are assigned different scores depending on qualifications, skills, work experience, and qualifications obtained by the core components family. Of course, the more points you get, the higher the chance of getting a visa. In other words, he goes in search of highly competent and qualified.
Spontaneously the question of why so much interest from Western countries, industrialized and have excellent universities, the acceptance of so many people from poor countries.
The reasons are manifold, but in common is a long-term vision of social and economic development of host countries.
In Europe, for example one of the most powerful engine of immigration according to Professor Philip Martin and Jonas Widgreen (experts in employment, economic development and immigration) quoted by the New African Sankore appeared in the November 2005 collapse of fertility and population curve, especially the four largest countries: France, Germany, Italy, and Britain.
If these countries want to keep the same workforce recorded in 1995 in the near future, immigration is expected to increase from 237,000,000,000 to 1.1000000 per year. A second reason
second Sankore always, lies in the global economic challenge posed by China and India.
Developed countries are facing rapid economic growth of the two countries. To be able to fight, it takes a lot of skilled and professional, yet cheaper and motivated, especially coming from Africa and other developing countries.

But if the reasons why the Western countries to the stimulus of migration are clear, what are the reasons that lead so many young people to leave their homes, their families, their state, to travel to foreign countries, and different from the cultural point of view?
The answers are many and often intuitive. Many African countries are not democratic enough to accept the ideas and innovations of the intellectuals and do not provide any economic and social justice, not to mention the civil and political rights. Other motor
immigration is certainly the constant exploitation of Africa by industrialized countries, which has depleted the economy and social infrastructure and standardized poverty, leading many Africans seeking a fulfilling job and a decent standard of living abroad.


In summary, the main reasons that lead young people to leave Africa are:
• Low wages and purchasing power steadily decreased
• Standard of living unsatisfactory, unsatisfied basic needs, lack of transportation and housing.
• Qualified personnel performing sottomansioni, dissatisfaction on the job, no prospects for professional growth.
• Lack of research, lack of staff adequate funding and professional equipment.
• Political conflicts and wars. •
continued decline in the education system. •
political discrimination in promotions.
• Lack of freedom.

These are the following reasons, which help to attract young Africans in industrialized countries:
• Salaries and high income
• High standard of living
• better work conditions: work, career opportunities and professional development
• Funds for research, advanced technologies, services and modern facilities, specialized personnel.
• Political stability

modern educational systems • • • Meritocracy and transparency
intellectual freedom. According

Chidi Odinkalu, Nigerian lawyer who deals with human rights law and specialist in African, cited by Sankore in his article in The New African November 2005, the main key to understanding the phenomenon of emigration is the lack of free movement of persons in the regions sub-Saharan Africa.
Africans living in the same region but in different countries, are forced to wait more than a month to get a visa that allows them to enter other parts of Africa. In practice, many Africans are completely blocks.

If the facts in light of the mass emigration of African brains shoreless appears, it is also true that some short-and long-term solutions may help to limit and channel the phenomenon.
Rotimi Sankore proposes mainly two:
On the one hand, accelerate and enrich democracy, investing in education, health and other socio-economic infrastructure, thereby creating more jobs.
other, more viable and retain qualified people, providing them with everything possible and investing in economically increasing their presence through an action designed to get more outside help. Robin
Cohen, a professor in the Department of Sociology, University of Warwick, he also proposes in his article "Brain Drain Migration" presented in South African Commission on International Migration 1996-1997, short-and long-term solutions to contain and correct the problem.
First you need to delay the migration according to the professor: at the end of education should require graduates to stay in the country of origin for two further years during which to exercise the profession and "pay back" the state economic investment. The two-year detention could even be included as an integral part in the educational context.
is also a priority try to create a profitable business and academic environment that entice graduates to stay. At the same time, compared with emigration flows present, it is necessary to try to replace many young people leave Africa with other local youths who must be educated and trained with the utmost care. To do is critical, do the following: all staff who are "imported" to promote research and education should be publicly certified to meet local needs and to induce confidence in imported skills. You should also try to make the most of short visits to doctors and scientists (Foreign and returnees) who come to Africa for various reasons setting up collaborations with various colleagues residents: direct instruction, occasional or professional collaboration through joint research and international networks.
In this regard, you will notice that the brain drain from Africa not only has negative consequences for the country. Fact, there are also some positive aspects that should definitely be considered. Schematically below a list of both:
Negative factors
• Reduction of qualified staff with dire consequences for Africa's Development
• Reduction of dynamic and innovative people, academics and entrepreneurs.
• Transfer of technologies resulting in too slow increase in the gap (already present) between Africa and industrialized countries.
• Negative effects on scientific production of several African countries.
• Loss of money from taxes on income and potential contributions are proportional to gross domestic product. Positive factors

• Large contribution of persons trained them when they return to their native country
• Income business days for families still living in the country of origin.
• Balance of income improved by income from abroad (the Africans who work outside the continent send an estimated 45 million U.S. dollars a year to their families).
• Ability to create international networks of reference for African scientists living abroad and African scientists in Africa.
• Ability to import knowledge from a distance through exchange programs with Africans abroad.
The creation of the interrelations between African immigrants and residents seem to be one possible way to capitalize on the immediate migration flows involving the African continent.
Gumisai Mutual proposes in his article Reversing Africa's "brain drain" appeared in the magazine Africa Recovery July 2003, a collaboration between the Internet and their fellow Africans living abroad resident in Africa. The
SANSA (South African Network of Skills Abroad), for example, involving 22.000 graduates of the 5 major universities in South Africa who live outside the African continent thanks to the network and remains in touch with their universities. Once registered
South Africans residing abroad can offer their help and their support to their African colleagues, in the conduct of research that are carried out. In addition, members of SANSA trying to transfer high technology into their country by providing computers and software from abroad. Like South Africa, Nigeria has also founded a similar organization. The Nigerian president Olusegun Obasanjo was one of the founders NEPAD (New Partnership for Africa's Development) which deals in close collaboration with professionals and intellectuals residing abroad for the development of Nigeria.
If working with people living outside the African continent is certainly a brilliant idea, what good is a lot to the mainland, still remains the desire of the African countries most affected by migration to repatriate their resources most prestigious. But this operation has a very high cost.
Some migrants indeed need to be repatriated with their families, others expect a salary equal to that achieved in the host country, together with the technological resources to them. Finally, it should be pointed out that if you can return the qualified person, it is unfortunately not possible to do so with the knowledge network to which it belongs in the state guest. Returning
also not easy for former migrants and there are many questions that arise from those who value the idea of \u200b\u200ba possible return. IOM
Chernor Jalloh, cited by Gumisai mortgage in his article published in the magazine Africa Recovery July 2003, proposes a collaboration via the Internet between Africans living abroad to persons residing outside of Africa are afraid to return to Africa several reasons. Are not always confident that once you leave the host country, you can to return, because some countries force immigrants to remain for a minimum period within itself to not lose residency status. Several African countries also do not allow dual citizenship, forcing Africans forced to choose one of two nationalities.
For these and other reasons, the IOM has developed special programs that allow you to serve in the native country, while maintaining their status in the host country. One of these projects, which now enjoys some success, for example, has as its objective the care of patients located in the most remote part of Sierra Leone. According
Kwaku Asante Darko, a professor at the National University of Lesotho (Ghana), quoted article "Reversing Africa's Brain Drain" of Mutual Gumisai many Africans are reluctant to return home simply because they feel that those who govern the country now neglected and therefore considers it unnecessary to their efforts and accept the risks implicit in the decision to return. To make matters worse
contributes to the very high rate of unemployment in this whole sub-Saharan Africa.
Until a few years ago, the Gambia had no university and its spending big bucks to educate and train their young people abroad. All African governments still spend infinitely little to develop the scientific and technological research and the overall area education is deeply underdeveloped. The continent's average spend only 0.5% of its total investment in research and education and those chronically underused resources it already has. Hence the enormous difficulties in finding employment by young specialists and skilled returnees. Finally as a note

Gumisai Mutual quoting Rohey Wadd office for coordination and strategy for the alleviation of poverty in Gambia, "African countries should simply be made more attractive politically, economically and socially in the eyes of its own Citizens

BY Imanuel Baharier